ABSTRACT: Hemoptysis associated with respiratory disorders are some findings of caudal vena cava thrombosis (CVCT) in cattle. Nevertheless, CVCT may be accompanied by a broad spectrum of clinical signs and gross lesions. This study reported the frequency of CVCT in cattle necropsied in Southern Brazil and described its clinical signs, as well as pathological findings. From a total of 1,976 postmortem examination reports in cattle in Southern Brazil, there were 30 cases (1.5%) of CVCT. In the clinical evaluation, the main clinical course was chronic (13/30), followed by peracute (7/30), acute (4/30), and subacute (5/30). Hemoptysis (17/30), dyspnea (8/30), and anorexia or hyporexia (7/30) were the most reported clinical signs. Septic thrombophlebitis of the caudal vena cava (24/30), hepatic abscesses (24/30), pulmonary hemorrhage (23/30), and embolic pneumonia (19/30) were the main lesions observed at the necropsy. We concluded that CVCT is a relevant cause of death in bovines from Santa Catarina state, mainly in adult dairy cows. The disease is characterized by a wide range of clinical signs and lesions, requiring attention from veterinarians for the correct diagnosis. Furthermore, the association between the clinical history, clinical signs, and lesions is essential for the diagnosis of CVCT in cattle.

RESUMO: Hemoptise associada a sinais respiratórios são achados típicos de tromboembolismo da veia cava caudal (TVCC) em bovinos. Todavia, o TVCC pode estar acompanhado de um amplo espectro de sinais clínicos e lesões macroscópicas. Esse estudo tem por objetivo relatar a frequência do diagnóstico de TVCC em bovinos necropsiados no sul do Brasil e descrever os sinais clínicos, assim como achados patológicos dessa condição. De um total de 1.976 exames post-mortem realizados em bovinos no Sul do Brasil, 30 casos de TVCC foram diagnosticados (1,5%). No exame clínico, o principal curso clínico observado foi crônico (13/30), seguido do hiperagudo (7/30), agudo (4/30) e subagudo (5/30), em um caso o histórico clínico não foi fornecido. Hemoptise (17/30), dispneia (8/30) e anorexia ou hiporexia (7/30) foram os sinais clínicos mais comumente relatados. Tromboflebite séptica da veia cava caudal (24/30), abscessos hepáticos (24/30), hemorragia pulmonar (23/30) e pneumonia embólica (19/30) foram as principais lesões observadas na necropsia. Com esse trabalho conclui-se que TVCC é uma causa relevante de morte em bovinos no estado de Santa Catarina, principalmente em vacas leiteiras adultas. A doença é caracterizada por uma variedade de sinais clínicos e lesões, necessitando de atenção dos veterinários para o correto diagnóstico. Ainda, a associação entre o histórico clínico, sinais clínicos e lesões de necropsia é essencial para o diagnóstico de TVCC em bovinos.

Abstract Many capital cities are expanding bicycle lanes or investing in public bike-sharing systems to make cycling mobility a viable transport solution within urban areas. While bicycles are fit for short-distance trips (<15 minutes), their attractiveness declines for longer trips (Ton et al., 2020; Handy et al., 2014; Jäppinen et al., 2013). So, it is opportune to estimate to what extent the accessibility can be increased when intermodal solutions are available. In this paper, a quantitative analysis of different mobility scenarios is conducted. The aim is to evaluate how time travel and accessibility to amenities by bike, can be improved if public transportation such, as the train, is considered. The analysis uses open data and detailed GIS-based network analysis to examine the spatial relationship between transport opportunities, travel time and amenities access in Lisbon, Portugal. Three mobility scenarios are considered: in the first scenario, short-distance trips by bike from home are evaluated (15- minute travel). Then, to evaluate the contribution in time travel of potential modal shift (bike and train) vs individual car, second and third scenarios are presented considering longer distance travels within the city of Lisbon, during peak hours. Results suggest that for longer trips, the combined use of bicycle and train infrastructure can be a faster or more convenient alternative to individual car use. Also, multimodal cycling can expand riders’ area of influence and thus increase the accessibility to opportunities. So, people living near train stations can beneficiate from a “potential” proximity to a diversity of amenities that are geographically more distant. In Lisbon, 34% of the population live within the 10-minute bicycle catchment areas around the 8 train stations from Cintura Line and can thus benefit from this combination of transport modes. City planners can use this methodology to prioritize spaces where investing in accessibility can have the largest impact in terms of improving connections between homes and destinations. This methodology, developed and tested in Lisbon, can be applied in other cities to support planning interventions regarding sustainable transport alternatives.

Abstract The ora-pro-nóbis (Pereskia aculeata Miller) is a cactus popularly known as “poor man's meat” due to its popular use related to the protein content found in its leaves and its low cost, thus being classified as an Unconventional Food Plant (UFP). The plant is recognized for the high nutritional value of their leaves, and it can be used in cooking and folk medicine. However, studies on the chemical characteristics and antioxidant capacity of ora-pro-nóbis fruits are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and phenolic compounds of the stem and leaf flours and fruit pulp of P. aculeata Miller. The stem and leaves were washed and dried in a circulation oven at 60° ± 2 °C, and crushed in an industrial blender. The fruit was washed and macerated in natura, then hydroethanolic extracts were prepared. The content of phenolic compounds was evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and the results showed a total phenol content in the stem, leaves and fruits of 0.25; 1.01 and 118.2 mg EAG g-1 of extract, respectively. Antioxidants were evaluated using the DPPH method, obtaining values for stem, leaf and fruit of 1.20; 1.40 and 1.50 mg of fruit g-1 of DPPH respectively, and also by the ABTS method of stem, leaf and fruit of:13.82; 6.30; 3.20 µmol of Trolox g-1, respectively. Thus, P. aculeata Miller presented in its stem, leaves and fruits an expressive amount of phenolic and antioxidant compounds, being a potential resource to contribute to the prevention of several disorders associated with the production of free radicals as well as an alternative in the enrichment of foods and being a useful source for a food additive.

Resumo A ora-pro-nóbis (Pereskia aculeata Miller) é uma cactácea popularmente conhecida como “carne de pobre” devido ao seu uso popular pelo teor de proteína encontrado em suas folhas e seu baixo custo, sendo classificada como uma planta alimentícia não convencional (PANC). A planta é reconhecida pelo alto valor nutritivo das folhas, a parte mais utilizada na culinária e na medicina popular. Entretanto, trabalhos sobre as características químicas e a capacidade antioxidante dos frutos de ora-pro-nóbis são escassos. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o potencial antioxidante e os compostos fenólicos das farinhas do caule e da folha, e da polpa do fruto da P. aculeata Miller. O caule e as folhas foram lavados e secos em estufa de circulação a 60°± 2 °C, e triturados em liquidificador industrial. O fruto foi lavado e macerado in natura e, em seguida, foram feitos extratos hidroetanólicos. O teor de compostos fenólicos foi avaliado utilizando o reagente de Folin- Ciocalteau e os resultados demonstraram um teor de fenóis totais no caule, nas folhas e nos frutos de 0,25, 1,01 e 118,2 mg EAG g-1 de extrato, respectivamente. Os antioxidantes foram avaliados através do método de DPPH, obtendo-se os valores para caule, folha e fruto de 1,20, 1,40 e 1,50 mg de fruta g-1 de DPPH, respectivamente, e pelo método ABTS, para caule, folha e fruto, os valores de 13,82, 6,30 e 3,20 µmol de Trolox g-1, respectivamente. Desta forma, a P. aculeata Miller apresenta, em seu caule, suas folhas e seus frutos, uma expressiva quantidade de compostos fenólico e antioxidante, sendo um recurso potencial para contribuir para a prevenção de diversos distúrbios associados com a produção de radicais livres e uma alternativa no enriquecimento de alimentos e na alimentação saudável, podendo ser um potencial aditivo alimentar.

RESUMO: Eurytrema coelomaticum, um trematódeo de ductos pancreáticos de ruminantes. Conjectura-se que possa ocasionar transtornos nas funções pancreáticas, mais especificamente nos processos digestivos e metabólicos dependentes destas. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi determinar se há comprometimento da função pancreática exócrina, correlacionado-a a carga parasitária. Foram utilizados pâncreas e respectivas amostras de sangue e fezes de 119 bovinos. As amostras de fezes foram submetidas aos testes de digestão da gelatina em tubo e digestão de filme radiográfico, ambos para detecção de tripsina nas fezes. Foram realizados os seguintes exames bioquímicos em amostras de sangue: amilase, lipase, glicemia, frutosamina, colesterol, triglicerídeos, proteínas totais, albumina e globulinas. Após isto, as análises bioquímicas foram correlacionadas com a quantidade numérica de parasitas encontrados no pâncreas (post-mortem). Houve maior quantidade de testes negativos (digestão do filme radiográfico e prova de digestão da gelatina) nos animais com alta carga parasitária (P < 0.001), quando comparados aos animais não parasitados e com baixa carga parasitária. Portanto, os exames supracitados se alteram somente se a quantidade de parasitas for moderada ou severa. As atividades das enzimas amilase e lipase foram significativamente maiores nos animais que apresentavam baixa parasitemia (P < 0.05), em comparação com os animais com alta carga parasitária e não parasitados. Conclui-se que em quadros de alta parasitemia há alteração significativa nos testes de digestão nas fezes, e que em quadros de baixa parasitemia há alterações significativas nos valores de amilase e lipase séricas, ambos comprovando alterações pancreáticas importantes, de acordo com o quadro de parasitemia.

ABSTRACT: Eurytrema coelomaticum is a trematode reported in the pancreatic ducts of ruminants. It is conjectured that may cause disorders in the pancreas, as well as digestive and metabolic processes dependent on them. This study, determined if there is an impairment of exocrine pancreatic function, and correlated it with parasite burden. Pancreas, blood, and fecal samples were collected from 119 bovines at a abattoir. Stool samples were subjected to the gelatin and x-ray film digestion tests (to detect the presence of trypsin in feces). Using blood samples, the following biochemical tests were performed: amylase, lipase, glucose, fructosamine, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, and globulins. Analyses were correlated with pancreatic parasite burden. Cattle with a high parasitic load presented higher incidence of negative tests in both gelatin digestion and x-ray film digestion tests (P < 0.001) when compared to non-parasitized animals and those with a low parasitic load. Changes in those tests only occurred if the parasitemia was moderate or severe. The activity of the amylase and lipase enzymes was significantly higher in animals with low parasitemia (P < 0.05), compared to non-parasitized animals and with a high parasitic burden. In this study, in cases of high parasitemia, negative results were observed in both gelatin and x-ray film in the feces digestion tests. However, the low infection of E. coelomaticum, higher levels of serum amylase and lipase that also indicated loss of pancreatic exocrine functions were reported.

RESUMO: Listeria monocytogenes é uma bactéria que infecta humanos e animais, podendo causar uma doença zoonótica caracterizada por encefalite, septicemia e abortos. Além disso, a listeriose resulta em perdas econômicas significativas pela morte e sacrifício de animais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a técnica de imunofluorescência (IF) e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) para detecção de L. monocytogenes em tecidos fixados e parafinizados. Foram selecionados 30 blocos de tecidos de 15 animais com histórico e/ou lesões compatíveis com listeriose. Para ambas as técnicas, foi utilizado o mesmo anticorpo primário policlonal diluído (1:200) para detecção de L. monocytogenes sorotipos 1 e 4. Para a IHQ foi utilizado anticorpo secundário em polímero acoplado a peroxidase (HRP). Para a IF, as amostras foram incubadas com anticorpo secundário anti-IgG de coelho marcado com fluoresceína. Cada amostra foi classificada quanto à presença de imunomarcação e porcentagem de área positiva. Das 30 amostras, 10 foram positivas em pelo menos uma das técnicas, sendo oito amostras positivas em ambas IHQ e IF com o mesmo escore. Houve forte imunomarcação tanto em amostras de bovino experimentalmente infectado com L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, como em amostras de tecido nervoso de ruminantes naturalmente infectados. Além disso, a IF não apresentou diferença na sensibilidade quando comparada com a IHQ. O uso de materiais biológicos processados para IF, ao invés de tecidos frescos, é algo inovador, uma vez que existem poucos protocolos descritos. Portanto, este estudo demonstrou que as duas técnicas foram eficientes para detectar L. monocytogenes em tecidos fixados em formol e parafinizados.

ABSTRACT: Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that infect humans and animals and causes a zoonotic disease characterized by encephalitis, septicemia or abortion. In addition, listeriosis leads to significant economic losses due to animal death and sacrifice. This research compared the technique of immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the diagnosis of L. monocytogenes in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. A total of 30 tissue blocks from 15 animals with history and/or lesions compatible with listeriosis were selected. For both IHC and IF, the same diluted (1:200) polyclonal primary antibody was used against L. monocytogenes serotypes 1 and 4. For IHC, a polymer secondary antibody conjugated to peroxidase (HRP) was used. For IF, samples were incubated with a fluorescein-labeled anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody. Each sample was classified according to the presence and percentage of immunolabeling area. From 30 samples, 10 were positive at least for one technique, whereas eight samples were positive for both IHC and IF with similar score. There was strong immunolabeling in tissue samples from bovines experimentally infected with L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, as well as in nervous tissues from naturally infected ruminants. Additionally, IF did not show any difference in sensitivity when compared to IHC. Using processed biological materials for IF, instead of fresh tissues, is a quite unique technique, since there are few protocols described. Therefore, this study demonstrated that both techniques are efficient to detect L. monocytogenes in FFPE tissues.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of a blend based on α-monolaurin mono-, di- and triglycerides of butyric acid, and lysolecithin on the performance even on diets containing reduced inclusion of oil in the diet and without the use of growth-promoting antibiotics of broilers considering the effect on health, performance, and meat. Three treatments were defined: positive control (TP: with enramycin), negative control (TN: no enramycin), and blend (T-FRA: with monolaurin and glycerides of acid butyric minus 0.8% soybean oil). At 21 days, broilers treated with TP and T-FRA obtained the lower feed conversion ratio (FC); at 35 days, T-FRA broilers obtained lower FC than TN broilers. Cholesterol levels were higher in the blood of T-FRA broilers. On day 42, levels of ROS and TBARS were lower in the intestine, muscles, and liver of T-FRA broilers. Moreover, glutathione S-transferase and total non-enzymatic antioxidants were greater at the intestinal and muscular levels. The T-FRA broilers had a lower percentage of lipids in the meat. The MIC indicated that 111mg of the blend/mL inhibited the growth of E. coli; however, the counts of total coliforms and E. coli in the feces and the broilers’ litter did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, the addition of the blend T-FRA in broiler diets was able to improve the feed conversion and maintain the other performance parameters even considering a reduction of 0.8% in the inclusion of oil.

RESUMO Estruturado em três segmentos, o artigo comenta em um primeiro momento ensaios visuais dos artistas contemporâneos Patrícia Cardoso, Marcelo Zocchio e Thiago Navas que tomam a cidade de São Paulo e suas representações como questão, em ações que tensionam aspectos como memória, autoria, autoridade e tradição visual. Em seguida, é apresentado um percurso historiográfico sobre a obra de Militão Augusto de Azevedo (Rio de Janeiro, 1837-São Paulo, 1905), produtor visual em destaque na reflexão operada naqueles ensaios. Surge ali como referência em diferentes graus e modos o Álbum comparativo da cidade de S. Paulo (1862-1887), o mais extenso conjunto imagético sobre a cidade ao final da década de 1880. Busca-se destacar como as imagens de Militão foram percebidas e mobilizadas no processo de construção de uma memória urbana local ao longo do século XX e, por fim, na própria constituição do campo da história da fotografia brasileira. O artigo retorna ao final à análise dos ensaios de Cardoso, Zocchio e Navas, comentando como operam sobre princípios estruturais como o recurso comparativo entre fotografias, as funções documentais, representacionais, etc. O artigo enfoca especialmente as temporalidades articuladas pela narrativas imagéticas no álbum de Militão e nas apropriações posteriores, e como uma potente reflexão sobre esses aspectos se realiza no segmento da arte contemporânea, permitindo expor as dinâmicas que submeteram a iconografia histórica local a agendas diversas.

ABSTRACT The article, structured in 3 segments, comments some visual essays by contemporary artists Patrícia Cardoso, Marcelo Zocchio and Thiago Navas, which take the city of São Paulo and its representations as subject, working with aspects as memory, authorship, authority and visual tradition. Following the article presents a historiographical panorama about the work of Militão Augusto de Azevedo (Rio de Janeiro, 1837-São Paulo, 1905), a prominent visual producer, whose images are central for those essays. Militão Azevedo’s Álbum comparativo da cidade de S. Paulo (1862-1887), the most extensive imagery set about the city at the end of the 1880s, is a reference in different degrees and modes in such contemporary artworks. This paper seeks also to highlight how the images of Militão were perceived and mobilized throughout the 20th century in the process of building a local urban memory and in the very constitution of the field of the history of Brazilian photography. The article concludes with the analysis of Cardoso, Zocchio and Navas’ works, commenting the ways they operate on structural principles such as the comparative resource between photographs, documentary and representational functions etc. The text focuses on the temporalities articulated by the imagetic narratives in Militão's album and the later appropriations, and seeks to feature the potent reflection that takes form in the segment of contemporary art, which reveals the dynamics that had subjected the local historical iconography to different agendas.

SUMMARY: The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve is a cutaneous nerve that innervates the area surrounding the patella and contributes to the peripatellar plexus. This nerve is target to iatrogenic injuries during a great deal of knee procedures, such as tendon harvesting, total knee arthroplasty and medial arthroscopic approaches to the knee. Lesion to this nerve can produce sensorial loss at its innervation territory. The study conducted herein aims to observe the anatomical aspects of the infrapatellar branch in cadaveric specimens. The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve of 40 male cadavers was dissected with the purpose of identifying the number of branches, its relation with the patella, tibial tuberosity and sartorius muscle. The nerve was dissected and several measurements were performed with the aid of a digital caliper. Statistical analysis was performed with the MedCalc 16.1 software. The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve was present in 100 % of the sample. Its mean distance from its origin to its branching point was 16.35±6.48 mm on the right and 21.94±4.31 mm on the left, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). A relatively safe zone for surgery was observed on the superior and medial aspect of the patella, which received less branches.

RESUMEN: La rama infrapatelar del nervio safeno es un nervio cutáneo que inerva el área que rodea la patela y contribuye al plexo peripatelar. Este nervio es objeto de lesiones iatrogénicas durante una gran cantidad de procedimientos de rodilla, como la extracción de tendones, la artroplastía total de rodilla y los abordajes artroscópicos mediales de la rodilla. La lesión de este nervio puede producir pérdida sensorial en su territorio de inervación. El estudio realizado aquí tiene como objetivo observar los aspectos anatómicos de la rama infrapatelar en muestras de cadáveres. La rama infrapatelar del nervio safeno de 40 cadáveres masculinos se disecó con el propósito de identificar el número de ramas, su relación con la patela, la tuberosidad tibial y el músculo sartorio. Se disecó el nervio y se realizaron varias mediciones con la ayuda de un calibrador digital. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software MedCalc 16.1. La rama infrapatelar del nervio safeno estaba presente en el 100 % de las muestras. La distancia media desde su origen hasta su punto de ramificación fue de 16,35±6,48 mm a la derecha y de 21,94±4,31 mm a la izquierda, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p <0,05). Se identificó una zona relativamente segura para la cirugía en el aspecto superior y medial de la patela, que recibió menos ramas.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) supplementation on cholinesterase enzymes and its relationship with animal behavior of weaning piglets exposed to mycotoxin contaminated diets. To achieve these objectives, two experimental design approaches were used. Male piglets (7.15±0.61kg) were allocated in four groups: CTL group received a regular diet; SDPP group received a regular diet and 6% SDPP; MYC group received a diet containing desired contamination of 210 µg/kg aflatoxins and 6.690 µg/kg fumonisins; group MYC+SDPP received 253 µg/kg aflatoxins, 6930 µg/kg fumonisins and 6% SDPP. The animals treated with mycotoxin co-contaminated diets showed an increase in AChE and BChE activities in peripheral system (MYC) when compared to control (CTL). Furthermore, supplementation with SDPP (MYC+SDPP group) prevented the mycotoxin-related reduction of AChE in blood and brain. Behavioral tests showed that sleeping and resting behaviors were more often observed in the MYC group; this group also fed fewer times when compared to the other groups, characterizing the deleterious effect of mycotoxins. Taken together, the data suggest changes in AChE and BChE activities may indicate alterations in cholinergic neurotransmission and consequently in the behavior of piglets.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad de la AChE en sangre total y los niveles de FRAP en muestras de perros con tumores mamarios antes y después de la cirugía, así como la relación entre estas variables con marcadores inmunohistoquímicos de tumores (E-caderina, ki-67 , COX - 2). Materiales y métodos. En este estudio, 13 perros con tumores mamarios se dividieron en dos grupos (A y B). El grupo A estaba formado por perros con tumores menores de 3 cm de diámetro y el grupo B estaba formado por perros con tumor de 3 cm de diámetro o más. La actividad de AChE y los niveles de FRAP se evaluaron antes y después de la cirugía y la inmunohistoquímica se realizó en los tumores. Resultados. La actividad de la AChE aumentó significativamente (p<0.05) en perros con cáncer mamario en comparación con los animales control, y ni la cirugía ni el tamaño tumoral afectaron la actividad de la AChE (p>0.05). Los niveles de FRAP antes de la cirugía fueron significativamente más bajos (p<0.05) en comparación con los animales control. Además, los niveles de FRAP aumentaron significativamente después de la cirugía en animales del grupo A en comparación con los datos antes de la cirugía, hecho que no se observó en perros del grupo B. La E-cadherina mostró correlación positiva baja con los niveles de FRAP (r = 0.37, valor p=0.05); COX-2 mostró una moderada correlación positiva significativa con FRAP (r = 0.55, p-valor<0.05); Y la COX-2 mostró una correlación positiva de baja significación con la AChE (r = 0.32, p-valor = 0.01). Conclusiones. AChE y los niveles de antioxidantes se modifican en perros con cáncer de mama. Estas variables están implicadas en diversas funciones fisiológicas, y por lo tanto, pueden estar relacionadas con la patogénesis de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate AChE activity in total blood and the FRAP levels in samples from dogs with mammary tumors before and after surgery, as well as the relationship between these variables with immunohistochemical markers of tumor (E-caderina, ki-67, COX-2). Materials and methods. In this study, 13 dogs with mammary tumors were divided into two groups (A and B). The group A was formed by dogs with tumors smaller than 3 cm of diameter, and the group B was formed by dogs with tumor of 3 cm of diameter or larger. The AChE activity and FRAP levels were evaluated before and after surgery and the immunohistochemistry were performed at the tumors. Results. The AChE activity was significantly increased (p<0.05) in dogs with mammary cancer compared to control animals, and neither surgery or tumor size affected the AChE activity (p>0.05). FRAP levels before surgery were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to control animals. Also, FRAP levels increased significantly after surgery in animals of the group A compared to data before surgery, a fact not observed in dogs from the group B. E-cadherin showed low significant positive correlation with FRAP levels (r=0.37, p-value=0.05); COX-2 showed a moderate significant positive correlation to FRAP (r=0.55, p-value<0.05); and COX-2 showed a low significant positive correlation to AChE (r=0.32, p-value=0.01). Conclusions. AChE and antioxidant levels are modified in dogs with mammary cancer. These variables are involved in various physiological functions, and thus, they might be related to disease pathogenesis.

Abstract This study was aimed to analyze the effects of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) on the health of post weaning piglets challenged with diets contaminated with aflatoxins and fumonisins. Fifty-six male piglets (7.15 ± 0.61 kg) were allocated in four groups: CTL group received a regular diet; SDPP group received a regular diet and 6% SDPP; MYC group received a diet containing 300 µg/kg aflatoxins and 8,000 µg/kg fumonisins; group MYC+SDPP received 300 µg/kg aflatoxins, 8,000 µg/kg fumonisins and 6% SDPP. The animals that received the experimental diet containing mycotoxins (MYC group) had lower weight gain at the end of the experiment compared to the other treatments. Animals receiving SDPP showed decreased urea levels throughout the experiment (P<0.05). Animals from MYC group presented an increased on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and decreased catalase activity (P<0.05). In contrast, SDPP prevented the increase of ROS and TBARS and stimulated superoxide dismutase activity (P<0.05). In conclusion, diet contaminated with mycotoxins (group MYC) caused subclinical intoxication in the piglets, as observed by the increase on free radical’s production and lipid peroxidation. Conversely, SDPP presented a protective effect, minimizing the effects of oxidative stress caused by aflatoxins and fumonisins ingestion.

ABSTRACT Creatine acts intracellularly as energy buffer and storage, demonstrating protective effects in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, its permeability throught blood-brain barrier (BBB) is reduced. The aim of the present study was developing a carrier to facilitate the delivery of creatine to the central nervous system. Creatine nanoliposomes were produced, characterized and assayed in models of toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Particles showed negative zeta potential (-12,5 mV), polydispersity index 0.237 and medium-size of 105 nm, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Toxicity assay in vitro was evaluated with blank liposomes (no drug) or creatine nanoliposomes at concentrations of 0.02 and 0.2 mg/mL, that did not influence the viability of Vero cells. The result. of the comet assay that the nanoliposomes are not genotoxic, togeher with cell viability demonstrated that the nanoliposomes are not toxic. Besides, in vivo assays not demonstrate toxicity in hematological and biochemical markers of young rats. Nevertheless, increase content of creatine in the cerebral cortex tissue after subchronic treatment was observed. Altogether, results indicate increase permeability of creatine to the BBB that could be used as assay for in vivo studies to confirm improved effect than free creatine.

RESUMO: Carcinomas de glândula mamária em bovinos raramente são vistos na rotina de diagnóstico no campo. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho é relatar a ocorrência de um carcinoma de mama metastático em uma fêmea bovina de 14 anos, holandesa, no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. O animal foi diagnosticado pelo veterinário com mastite irresponsiva a tratamento clínico, e foi eutanasiada devido ao prognóstico desfavorável. Na necropsia foram observados múltiplos nódulos amarelados, firmes, e por vezes friáveis, variando entre 0.1 e 20cm, disseminados em todas as glândulas mamárias, linfonodos, rins, baço, fígado, pâncreas, coração e pulmão. O diagnóstico de carcinoma de glândula mamária foi baseado em achados clínicos, macroscópicos, histopatológicos e de imuno-histoquímica. Os diagnósticos diferenciais incluíram doenças como tuberculose bovina, mastites crônicas de origem bacteriana ou fúngica.

ABSTRACT: Mammary gland neoplasms in cattle are rarely observed in the field veterinary diagnostics routine. Therefore, the objective of this study is to report a metastatic mammary carcinoma in a fourteen-year-old Holstein cow in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The animal was diagnosed by the field veterinarian with clinical mastitis that was unresponsive to treatment, and was euthanized due to the poor prognosis. At the necropsy, multiple yellow, firm, and sometimes friable nodules, ranging from 0.1 to 20cm were observed in all mammary glands, lymph nodes, kidneys, spleen, liver, pancreas, mediastinal lymph nodes, heart, and lungs. The final diagnosis of mammary carcinoma was established through the association of clinical, necropsy, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings. Differential diagnoses included diseases such as bovine tuberculosis and chronic fungal or bacterial mastitis.

Resumo Neste artigo temos como objetivo problematizar o conceito de hipertexto e sua suposta “aproximação” com o conceito filosófico de rizoma, de Deleuze e Guattari. Para tanto, recorremos aos escritos destes dois filósofos acerca do rizoma e a uma experiência de pesquisa em uma disciplina intitulada Matemática Aplicada, da grade curricular de um curso de Ciências Biológicas. Os conceitos de hipertexto e rizoma nos colocam em movimento ao questionarmos: É possível estudar Cálculo Diferencial e Integral sem pré-requisitos ou sem uma estrutura hierárquica de conteúdos? Este questionamento norteia todo o movimento de pesquisa que originou o texto aqui apresentado. Como desdobramentos, destacamos: textos ou hipertextos estão igualmente “próximos” ao conceito de rizoma; também, “libertar” a matemática de um eixo estrutural hierárquico favorece a invenção em sala de aula.

Abstract In this paper, we aim to problematize the concept of hypertext and its alleged ‘nearness’ with the philosophical concept of rhizome of Deleuze and Guattari. For that, we betake to the writings of those philosophers about rhizome and to a research experience in a course entitled Applied Mathematics, from a Biological Sciences undergraduate course. Hypertext and rhizome concepts put us in motion to questioning: is it possible to study Differential and Integral Calculus without prerequisites or hierarchical structure of content? This question guides the entire research movement that originated the text presented here. As results, we highlight: text or hypertext are equally ‘close’ to the concept of rhizome; also, to ‘liberate’ mathematics from a hierarchical structural axis favors the invention in the classroom.

Os trabalhos desenvolvidos por equipas de investigação sobre a zona costeira bem como as ferramentas de gestão e ordenamento das regiões hidrográficas, como, por exemplo, os Planos de Gestão de Bacia Hidrográfica e os Planos de Ordenamento de Estuários, necessitam da definição de margem e de leito e, por conseguinte, do traçado da Linha de Máxima Preia-Mar de Águas Vivas Equinociais (LMPMAVE) que corresponde ao seu limite. Muito embora a definição destas áreas e respetivo limite esteja descrita na lei que estabelece a titularidade dos recursos hídricos, existe uma dificuldade prática em transpor para a realidade do terreno as conceções legais, particularmente em sistemas de transição, como os estuários. Assim, revela-se prioritário o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia abrangente e objetiva capaz de responder a este desafio. No presente trabalho, apresenta-se uma abordagem metodológica interdisciplinar e integrada, baseada na recolha e análise de informação bibliográfica, cartográfica e de campo sobre a área de estudo (estuário do Tejo), bem como a experiência adquirida no traçado deste limite noutros locais do país. Deste modo, foi possível desenvolver um conjunto de critérios para o traçado da LMPMAVE em ambientes de transição, que podem ser divididos em quatro tipologias: a)biofísica, estabelecida através da presença ou ausência de vegetação halófita; b)tipo de estrutura/altimétrica, que se prende com as características intrínsecas da estrutura e sua elevação; c) de uso do solo; d) de índole legal, baseada na Lei 54/2005 de 15 de novembro.

Important coastal management instruments, such as Estuary and Watershed Planning and Management Plans, require the cartographic demarcation of the boundary between the estuarine bed and fringe. This boundary has important implications on the jurisdictional areas of public entities that manage and regulate public water bodies, as well as on some aspects of the Water Framework Directive application, particularly the ecological assessment and the evaluation of human disturbance factors. Although this boundary is clearly defined by the Portuguese law as the water line at the highest astronomical tide, its practical determination is not straightforward. First, different hydromorphological conditions and anthropogenic occupations of estuarine margins can affect the position of the line. Also, maximum tidal elevations vary along the estuary. Finally, tidal effects are sometimes difficult to distinguish from other factors, from riverine and atmospheric origin, that affect the water levels. Therefore, the development of a methodology to determine this line, based on objective criteria, is both a challenge and a requirement to estuarine management. A new approach based on different criteria is proposed and illustrated in the Tagus estuary (Portugal). Four types of criteria are proposed: a) a biophysical criterion, based on the presence or absence of halophyte vegetation; b) the type of structure/elevation criterion, based on the height and permeability characteristics of existing marginal structures; c) a land use criterion; d) a legal criterion based on the Law 54/2005 of 15 November. The application of the new approach requires the collection and assessment of diverse information on the study area, including legal documents, cartographic material, aerial photographs and orthophotos (0.50 m spatial resolution, RGB and near-infrared). Other imagery sources were assessed, such as Bing Maps aerial (bird’s eye option) and Google Earth (using the historical imagery tool). Previous reports regarding the definition of this boundary in other Portuguese systems were also analyzed and taken into consideration. The criteria associated to the type of structure/elevation and to land use were supported by a recent (2011) topographic survey of the Tagus estuary marginal areas. Finally, the LANDSAT 7 ETM+ image corresponding to the highest tide level in the Tagus registered by this satellite (from 22 February 2002 at 11:03:23) was processed using the Image Analysis tool from ArcMap. The 752 composition bands were selected in order to highlight the extension of the submerge area for those tide conditions, and allowed the validation of biophysical criteria. These criteria definition was further validated by topographic field data and biophysical field observation acquired during January, August and September 2011. The biophysical criterion is based on the presence, distribution and behavior of various species of salt marsh (salt tolerant). The underlying principle is that the transition from this type of vegetation to another, with terrestrial features and little tolerance for salt water, is a reliable indicator of the boundary between the bed and the margin. This criterion was applied in estuarine beaches, cliffs, limits of salt marsh areas and waterways. When the margin is occupied by anthropogenic structures (e.g., defense adherent structures, jetties, piers, dikes, salt pans and tidal mills) the type of structure/altimeter criterion was applied. A previous analysis of extreme water levels in this estuary, considering tides and storm surges, indicates maximum water levels ranging between 2.3m above mean sea level (MSL) at the estuary mouth and 2.8 m MSL in the upper estuarine area, for a return period of 100 years. Considering that wave run-up was neglected in that study, the 3.0m (MSL) height was taken as representative of altimetry positions that are not subject to frequent flooding. Thus, impermeable structures lower than 3.0 m (MSL) are included in the bed and the structures higher than 3.0m (MSL) are in the margin. Permeable structures are always included in the estuarine bed. The land use criterion is based on the observation that there can be agriculture lands in the estuary margins that are below high tide level, due to historical human efforts to preserve those areas from estuarine flooding. Thus, these areas are included in the margin. Finally, the legal criterion is based on the paragraph 1 of article 10 of Law 54/2005 dated from 15 November, which indicates that the “mouchões” (local term that designates islands and sandbanks formed by alluvial deposition) are included in the estuarine bed.